A Lambertian diffuser, a cornerstone of optical engineering, is an intricately designed apparatus that scatters light in a uniform manner, mirroring the principles of Lambertian reflectance
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cylindrical lenses are used to shape incoming beams. Source: https://www.laseroptik.com/en/substrates/stock-substrates/cylindrical-lenses-prisms
Cylindrical lenses are a type of optical lens that have a cylindrical shape and are used to correct or manipulate the shape of a light beam. Unlike spherical lenses, which have the same curvature in both the horizontal and vertical plane, cylindrical lenses have different curvatures in these two directions.
Cylindrical lenses operate on the principle of refraction, where light is bent as it passes through the lens. The curvature of the lens surface causes the light to bend in a specific direction, causing the image to be distorted in one axis. This effect can be used to either stretch or compress the image in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the lens.
Cylindrical lenses are widely used in a variety of applications, including:
Image projection systems often require a high level of image quality, as well as accurate and uniform light distribution. Cylindrical lenses are commonly used in these systems to correct distortion in one axis and improve the overall quality of the projected image.
In an image projection system, light from a light source is passed through a cylindrical lens, which manipulates the light in a specific direction. The light is then projected onto a screen, where it forms a clear and sharp image. The cylindrical lens is used to stretch or compress the image in the direction perpendicular to its axis, correcting the distortion in one axis and producing a clearer, more uniform image.
For example, in overhead projectors, cylindrical lenses are used to correct the distortion that occurs when a light beam passes through a curved transparency. The cylindrical lens compensates for this distortion, ensuring that the projected image is uniform and free of artifacts.
Cylindrical lenses play a crucial role in image projection systems by providing a means of correcting distortion in one axis and improving the overall quality of the projected image. They are widely used in a range of applications, from overhead projectors to slide projectors, and provide a cost-effective and efficient solution for improving the quality of projected images.
Barcode scanning systems are widely used to capture and decode barcode information. Cylindrical lenses are often used in these systems to provide improved image quality and resolution, making it easier to accurately capture barcode information.
In a barcode scanning system, a cylindrical lens is placed in front of an imaging sensor, such as a CCD or CMOS sensor. The lens manipulates the light in a specific direction, correcting the distortion in one axis and improving the overall quality of the captured image. This allows the barcode scanning system to accurately capture and decode the barcode information, even if the barcode is distorted or angled.
For example, in a retail store, a barcode scanning system can use a cylindrical lens to scan barcodes on products for price and inventory purposes. The lens corrects any distortion in the barcode image, ensuring that the barcode information is accurately captured and decoded.
In another example, in a warehouse setting, a barcode scanning system with a cylindrical lens can be used to scan barcodes on packages and pallets. The lens corrects the distortion that may occur as the barcode passes through the scanning system, providing a clearer and more accurate representation of the barcode information.
Industrial inspection systems are used to inspect various components and products for defects, flaws, or other imperfections. Cylindrical lenses are often used in these systems to provide improved image quality and resolution, making it easier to detect and analyze defects.
In an industrial inspection system, a cylindrical lens is placed in front of an imaging sensor, such as a CCD or CMOS sensor. The lens manipulates the light in a specific direction, correcting the distortion in one axis and improving the overall quality of the captured image.
For example, in a metal rolling mill, cylindrical lenses can be used to inspect metal strips for cracks and other defects. The cylindrical lens is used to correct the distortion that occurs as the metal strip passes through the inspection system, providing a clearer and more accurate representation of the strip's surface.
In another example, cylindrical lenses can be used in a quality control system for plastic molding. The lens can correct the distortion that occurs as the molded parts pass through the inspection system, making it easier to detect and analyze surface defects, such as cracks, voids, and other imperfections.
Medical imaging systems are used to visualize internal structures and organs in the body for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Cylindrical lenses are often used in these systems to improve image quality and resolution, making it easier to accurately diagnose and treat medical conditions.
In a medical imaging system, a cylindrical lens can be placed in front of an imaging sensor, such as a CCD or CMOS sensor. The lens manipulates the light in a specific direction, correcting the distortion in one axis and improving the overall quality of the captured image. This allows the medical imaging system to accurately capture and display the internal structures and organs being imaged.
For example, in endoscopy, cylindrical lenses can be used to provide a clearer and more detailed image of the digestive tract. The lens corrects any distortion that may occur as the endoscope moves through the digestive tract, providing a clearer and more accurate representation of the internal structures and organs.
In another example, in mammography, cylindrical lenses can be used to improve the quality and resolution of images of the breast. The lens corrects any distortion that may occur as the imaging sensor captures the image of the breast, providing a clearer and more accurate representation of the internal structures and tissues.
There are two main types of cylindrical lenses: positive (convex) cylindrical lenses and negative (concave) cylindrical lenses.
Positive cylindrical lenses have a curved surface that bulges outward. They are used to magnify an object in one axis while having little effect on the other axis. Positive cylindrical lenses are commonly used in applications where a line of light needs to be stretched or expanded in one direction, such as barcode scanning systems and optical fibers.
Negative cylindrical lenses have a curved surface that curves inward. They are used to reduce the size of an object in one axis while having little effect on the other axis. Negative cylindrical lenses are commonly used in applications where a line of light needs to be compressed or reduced in one direction, such as industrial inspection systems and laser scanning systems.
Breakdown of convex and concave cylindrical lenses. Source: https://www.altechna.com/products/positive-cylindrical-lenses/
The fabrication process of cylindrical lenses involves a series of steps to create the desired shape and surface finish. The following are the general steps involved in the fabrication process:
Blocking: The starting material is cut into a cylindrical shape, also known as a "block", that is slightly larger than the desired lens.
Grinding: The block is ground to the desired curvature and surface finish using a grinding wheel or other mechanical means.
Polishing: The surface is polished to the desired surface finish using abrasive materials and polishing tools, such as polishing cloth or pads.
Coating: If needed, an anti-reflective coating or other optical coating can be applied to improve the transmission and performance of the lens.
Inspection: The lens is inspected to ensure that it meets the desired specifications and performance standards.
The fabrication process of cylindrical lenses can be complex and time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and expertise. However, the resulting lenses provide high accuracy and performance, making them ideal for a range of applications.
The choice of material depends on the specific requirements of the application, such as the wavelength of light used, the temperature and environmental conditions, and the required accuracy and durability. Cylindrical lenses can be made from a variety of materials, including:
Glass (e.g. BK7, Fused Silica, Sapphire)
Plastic (e.g. Acrylic, PMMA)
Polycarbonate
CR-39 (a type of resin)
Quartz
Infrared materials (e.g. ZnSe, Ge)
The choice of material depends on the specific application and requirements such as transmission, refractive index, abbe number, thermal stability, hardness, etc.
an example of a znse plano-concave cylindrical lens. what a mouthful, eh?
Light manipulation: Cylindrical lenses are designed to manipulate light in one axis, making them ideal for applications where a line of light needs to be stretched or compressed in one direction.
Improved image quality: By correcting or manipulating the light in one axis, cylindrical lenses can improve the quality and resolution of images, making them ideal for imaging systems, such as medical imaging or industrial inspection.
Cost-effective solution: Cylindrical lenses are a cost-effective solution for improving image quality in many applications, as they are simple and compact, and can be easily incorporated into existing systems.
Durability: Cylindrical lenses are typically made from durable materials, such as optical glass or plastic, and can withstand harsh environments and temperatures, making them ideal for industrial and medical applications.
Limited application: Cylindrical lenses are limited in their ability to manipulate light in two dimensions, and may not be suitable for applications where a more complex light manipulation is required.
Limited correction: While cylindrical lenses can correct or manipulate light in one axis, they may not be able to fully correct distortion in both axes, and may not be suitable for applications where high accuracy is required.
Complex fabrication: The fabrication process for cylindrical lenses can be complex and time-consuming, requiring specialized equipment and expertise, which can add to the cost of the lens.
Sensitivity to alignment: Cylindrical lenses can be sensitive to alignment, and must be positioned and mounted precisely in order to achieve the desired performance.
Cylindrical lenses have advantages such as cost-effectiveness, durability, and improved image quality, but also have limitations such as limited application, limited correction, and sensitivity to alignment. The choice of lens depends on the specific requirements of the application and the desired performance standards.
Cylindrical lenses are an important type of optical component that have a wide range of applications in various industries and fields. By combining precise fabrication techniques, high-quality materials, and advanced optical design, cylindrical lenses can be used to achieve precise and accurate light manipulation, making them a critical component in many modern optical systems.
As always, if you have any questions or custom designs, please reach out to us at info@firebirdoptics.com.
Here’s to your success!
Firebird Optics
some aspheric condenser lenses to feast your eyes on
Aspheric lenses are optical lenses that deviate from the ideal spherical shape. They are used to correct various types of aberrations, such as spherical aberrations, distortion, and field curvature, which are often present in traditional spherical lenses. The use of aspheric lenses can lead to improved image quality, reduced lens size, and increased system efficiency.
The spherical shape of traditional lenses is determined by the radius of curvature of the lens surface. In order for light to be focused correctly, the surface must be a perfect sphere. However, this shape can cause aberrations that limit the resolution and contrast of the image. Aspheric lenses are designed to overcome these limitations by modifying the shape of the lens surface to correct for aberrations.
Aspheric lenses can be made using a variety of materials, including glass, plastic, and other optical materials. Glass aspheric lenses are the most commonly used in high precision optical systems due to their durability and high index of refraction. Plastic aspheric lenses are more flexible, lighter, and less expensive than glass lenses, making them ideal for mass-produced consumer products such as digital cameras, smartphones, and projectors.
The production of aspheric lenses involves several steps, including the design and prototyping of the lens surface, molding or grinding of the lens surface, and coating of the lens surface to increase its transmission. The design of the aspheric surface is determined by mathematical equations that account for the desired correction of aberrations and the desired image quality. The lens surface can be molded or ground to the desired shape using a variety of techniques, including grinding, diamond turning, and injection molding.
Spherical aberrations occur because of the difference in the refractive index between the center and the edge of a spherical lens. Light passing through the center of the lens is focused to a single point, but light passing through the edge is not focused correctly, leading to a blurred image. This effect is more pronounced for lenses with a large aperture, such as camera lenses or telescopes.
Aspheric lenses solve this problem by modifying the shape of the lens surface. Instead of a spherical surface, aspheric lenses have a surface that deviates from a perfect sphere. This allows for a more precise control of the refractive index, resulting in a more accurate focus of light. The aspheric surface is designed using mathematical equations that account for the desired correction of aberrations and the desired image quality.
The use of aspheric lenses can result in improved image quality, with sharper and clearer images and increased resolution. Aspheric lenses can also reduce the size and weight of optical systems, as they can correct for multiple aberrations with a single lens. This is because aspheric lenses can reduce spherical aberrations, distortion, and field curvature, which are often present in traditional spherical lenses.
Another advantage of aspheric lenses is their ability to reduce chromatic aberrations. Chromatic aberrations occur when different colors of light are focused at different points, causing a rainbow-like effect around the edges of an image. Aspheric lenses can reduce this effect by controlling the refraction of light at different wavelengths, resulting in a more accurate and consistent focus for all colors of light.
Aspheric lenses are an important tool in the field of optics and can be used to correct various types of aberrations, including spherical aberrations. By modifying the shape of the lens surface, aspheric lenses can improve image quality, reduce the size and weight of optical systems, and increase the accuracy and consistency of the focus. With the increasing demand for high-quality imaging in fields such as medicine, photography, and astronomy, the use of aspheric lenses will continue to play an important role in the advancement of optical technology.
The mathematical description of aspheric lenses is based on a mathematical model called a surface profile equation, which defines the shape of the lens surface.
The surface profile equation can be expressed as a polynomial or a more complex mathematical function. The coefficients of the polynomial or the parameters of the mathematical function are chosen to produce a lens surface that corrects for the desired aberrations.
One common mathematical representation of aspheric lenses is the conic section, which is defined by the equation:
z = Ax^2 + Bxy + Cy^2 + Dx + Ey + F
where x, y, and z are the coordinates of a point on the lens surface and A, B, C, D, E, and F are the coefficients that determine the shape of the surface. By adjusting the values of the coefficients, the lens surface can be designed to correct for specific aberrations.
Another mathematical representation of aspheric lenses is the aspheric polynomial, which is defined by the equation:
z = C(1 + k) * (r^2/R^2) + Ar^4 + Br^6 + Cr^8 + ...
where z is the height of the surface above the optical axis, r is the radial distance from the optical axis, R is the radius of curvature of the surface, C is the conic constant, k is the conic coefficient, and A, B, and C are the polynomial coefficients. The polynomial coefficients can be adjusted to correct for specific aberrations.
The mathematical description of aspheric lenses is based on a surface profile equation that defines the shape of the lens surface. This equation can be represented as a conic section or an aspheric polynomial, and the coefficients or parameters of the equation are adjusted to produce a lens surface that corrects for the desired aberrations. The use of mathematical models and simulations allows for precise control of the lens surface, leading to improved image quality and reduced aberrations.
An additional mathematical representation for the aspheric lens formula. Source: https://escooptics.com/blogs/news/concepts-in-light-and-optics-lenses-part-4-aspheres
Correction of Spherical Aberrations: Aspheric lenses are designed to reduce spherical aberrations, which cause blurred or distorted images, by modifying the shape of the lens surface. This results in sharper and clearer images with increased resolution.
Improved Image Quality: The use of aspheric lenses can result in improved image quality, with sharper and clearer images and increased resolution.
Reduced Size and Weight of Optical Systems: Aspheric lenses can reduce the size and weight of optical systems as they can correct for multiple aberrations with a single lens.
Reduced Chromatic Aberrations: Aspheric lenses can reduce chromatic aberrations, which occur when different colors of light are focused at different points, causing a rainbow-like effect around the edges of an image.
Increased Accuracy and Consistency of Focus: Aspheric lenses can increase the accuracy and consistency of the focus for all colors of light, resulting in a more accurate and consistent image.
Complex Design and Manufacturing Process: Aspheric lenses require a more complex design and manufacturing process compared to spherical lenses, which can lead to higher costs.
Fragility: Aspheric lenses are often made from thinner and lighter materials compared to spherical lenses, which can make them more fragile and susceptible to damage.
Alignment and Tolerance Requirements: Aspheric lenses have strict alignment and tolerance requirements during the manufacturing process, which can result in increased production costs and reduced yields.
Limited Availability: Aspheric lenses may not be available in certain sizes or configurations, which can limit their use in certain applications.
Aspheric lenses offer many advantages, such as the correction of spherical aberrations and improved image quality, but also have some disadvantages, including a complex design and manufacturing process, fragility, and limited availability. The choice between using aspheric lenses and spherical lenses will depend on the specific needs of the application and the trade-off between the benefits and limitations of each type of lens.
Aspheric lenses are precision optical components, and as such, they can be affected by various surface shape imperfections that can degrade their performance. Some of the main surface shape imperfections of aspheric lenses include:
Spherical Aberration: Spherical aberration is a type of optical aberration that occurs when light from a point source is not focused to a single point. In aspheric lenses, this can be caused by deviations from the desired surface shape or by variations in the lens material properties.
Astigmatism: Astigmatism is a type of optical aberration that occurs when light from a point source is focused to two separate points, rather than a single point. This can be caused by surface shape imperfections in aspheric lenses.
Coma: Coma is a type of optical aberration that causes light from a point source to be focused to a comet-like shape, rather than a point. This can be caused by surface shape imperfections in aspheric lenses.
Distortion: Distortion is a type of optical aberration that causes straight lines in the object plane to appear curved in the image plane. This can be caused by surface shape imperfections in aspheric lenses.
Surface Roughness: Surface roughness is a deviation from a smooth surface that can cause light scattering and reduced image quality.
Waviness: Waviness is a type of surface shape imperfection that can cause light scattering and reduced image quality.
Aspheric lenses can be affected by various surface shape imperfections, including spherical aberration, astigmatism, coma, distortion, surface roughness, and waviness. The degree and type of surface shape imperfections will depend on the lens design, the manufacturing process, and the lens material properties. Precise control of the surface shape is critical for achieving the desired performance in aspheric lenses.
as the old saying goes: an aspheric lens in the hand is worth two in the bush
The production methods for aspheric lenses vary depending on the lens design, the lens material, and the desired production volume.
Spherical Molding: Spherical molding is a production method that is used to produce simple aspheric lenses with low volume production runs. This method involves pressing a heated lens material into a spherical mold, which then deforms the lens material into the desired aspheric shape. The surface quality of the lens produced using this method is limited, and additional surface finishing is typically required to achieve the desired surface accuracy.
Lathe Cutting: Lathe cutting is a production method that is used to produce high-precision aspheric lenses with low volume production runs. This method involves turning a spherical lens blank on a lathe and then cutting the lens material to the desired aspheric shape. The surface quality of the lens produced using this method is limited, and additional surface finishing is typically required to achieve the desired surface accuracy.
Diamond Turning: Diamond turning is a production method that is used to produce high-precision aspheric lenses with low to medium volume production runs. This method involves using a diamond-tipped cutting tool to machine the lens material to the desired aspheric shape. Diamond turning allows for precise control of the lens surface, and the surface quality of the lens produced using this method is typically higher than that produced using other production methods.
Molding and Replication: Molding and replication is a production method that is used to produce aspheric lenses with high volume production runs. This method involves creating a mold of the desired aspheric shape and then using this mold to replicate the lens using a suitable lens material. The surface quality of the lens produced using this method depends on the quality of the mold, and additional surface finishing may be required to achieve the desired surface accuracy.
Freeform Optics: Freeform optics is a production method that is used to produce complex aspheric lenses with low to medium volume production runs. This method involves using advanced computer-controlled machinery to machine the lens material to the desired aspheric shape. The surface quality of the lens produced using this method is typically higher than that produced using other production methods, and it allows for precise control of the lens surface.
In conclusion, the production methods for aspheric lenses vary depending on the lens design, the lens material, and the desired production volume. Methods such as spherical molding, lathe cutting, diamond turning, molding and replication, and freeform optics are used to produce aspheric lenses with varying levels of precision and surface quality. The choice of production method will depend on the desired production volume, the lens design, and the desired surface accuracy and quality.
Aspheric lenses are precision optical components that have a wide range of applications across various fields. Some of the main application examples of aspheric lenses are described below.
Photography and Imaging: Aspheric lenses are commonly used in cameras and other imaging devices to improve image quality and reduce optical aberrations. They are used in the manufacture of camera lenses, microscopes, and other imaging systems. Aspheric lenses provide improved resolution and sharpness compared to traditional spherical lenses and are commonly used in high-end camera lenses.
Laser Systems: Aspheric lenses are commonly used in laser systems to collimate laser beams and focus the laser light to a small spot. They are used in the manufacture of laser pointers, laser cutting machines, and other laser-based applications. Aspheric lenses provide improved beam quality and beam stability compared to traditional spherical lenses, making them an essential component in many laser systems.
Medical Devices: Aspheric lenses are commonly used in medical devices, such as endoscopes, to provide improved image quality and reduced distortion. They are also used in ophthalmic lenses, such as contact lenses and intraocular lenses, to correct visual aberrations and improve visual acuity.
Scientific Instruments: Aspheric lenses are commonly used in scientific instruments, such as telescopes and spectrometers, to provide improved image quality and reduced distortion. They are used in the manufacture of astronomical telescopes, microscopes, and other scientific instruments. Aspheric lenses provide improved resolution and accuracy compared to traditional spherical lenses and are an essential component in many scientific instruments.
Display Technology: Aspheric lenses are commonly used in display technology, such as projectors and head-mounted displays, to provide improved image quality and reduced distortion. They are used in the manufacture of projectors, virtual reality and augmented reality displays, and other display-based applications. Aspheric lenses provide improved resolution and image quality compared to traditional spherical lenses and are an essential component in many display-based applications.
Aspheric lenses are widely used in a variety of applications across various fields, including photography and imaging, laser systems, medical devices, scientific instruments, and display technology. Aspheric lenses provide improved resolution, accuracy, and image quality compared to traditional spherical lenses, making them an essential component in many precision optical systems.
Firebird Optics provides a range of various aspheric lenses with varying materials, focal lengths, diameters as well as optical coatings. If you don’t find what you need feel free to drop us an e-mail at info@firebirdoptics.com.
Here’s to your success!
Firebird Optics
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the human eye: nature’s plano-convex lens
When it comes time to build an optical system, you’re not going to get very far without familiarizing yourself with the plano-convex lens or singlet spherical lens. Whether it’s an industrial, pharmaceutical, defense or CO2 laser application, the plano-convex lens is essential if light needs to be focused, collected and collimated.
A plano-convex lens is an optical component whose purpose is to focus light into a single point. The “plano” portion refers to one side being flat (a plane) and the “convex” portion refers to the other portion of the lens being bowed outward. A plano-concave lens (a subject for another day) means it is bowed inward or is caved in.
This outward bowing produces what’s called a positive focal length. A positive focal length means that the focal point (or the point where light converges) is on the opposite side of the lens as the object. This means the image will be both inverted and flipped as seen in the below image.
focus, daniel-san
Often anti-reflective or AR coatings are applied when it comes to enhancing these focusing properties of the plano-convex lens. Stray light bouncing around and reflecting off the lens can weaken the strength of the beam that you are trying to focus in the first place. Typical coatings can either be broadband, which means they cover a large wavelength range or targeted for specific wavelengths.
Plano-convex lenses are commonplace in imaging devices telescopes, microscopes and binoculars. The asymmetry caused by the one side plano, one side convex lens minimizes spherical aberration in certain applications where the object and image are at unequal distances.
As an object approaches the lens from the plano side, the inverted image grows in size and appears farther away. At double the focal length, the object is still inverted and appears to be the same size on the image side. When an object passes the focal point, the image becomes a virtual image and appears as a magnified version on the same side of the lens as the object.
In short, the plano-convex lens, like all positive lenses, magnifies objects when they are placed between the object and the human eye. These lenses can be built with varying levels of curvature on the lenses and the higher the angle of the lens, the shorter will be the focal length. This is due to light waves refracting at a higher angle with respect to the optical axis of the lens.
Farsightedness or hyperopia is the inability of the eye to focus on objects that are nearby. Distant objects are not an issue but the ability to view nearby object requires a different lens shape, which is not available to the farsighted eye. To view nearby objects a high degree of curvature is needed.
Plano-convex lenses are used in eyeglasses to address this issue, where the distance between the eye’s lens and the retina is short. Thus, the focal point sits behind the retina. Eyeglasses with convex lenses increase the glass’ refraction and reduces the focal length.
The lens, in this case, refracts light before it enters the eye and thus decreases the image distance. By starting the refracting process before the light reaches the eye, the image is able to be brought into focus on the retinal surface.
Either crown glasses or high performance plastics are typically used in this application.
I like the cut of your jib!
Plano-convex lenses are often chosen for cutting steel or other thick materials via laser. The lens enhances the cut width of the laser, which increases the laser’s ability to penetrate the material. For these types of cutting applications, these lenses provide a greater depth of field which produces a non-tapered edge.
The best materials for this application will have a high damage threshold in order to take the full beating of a focused laser beam.
Common choices for this are ZnSe and germanium. ZnSe has a low absorption and can transmit visible light and a high damage threshold in high power lasers. Germanium, on the other hand, can be used in low power applications and is widely used in the semiconductor industry.
Firebird Optics provides a range of various plano-convex lenses with varying materials, focal lengths, diameters as well as optical coatings. You can check our website for our full and expanding offering of optical lenses. If you don’t find what you need feel free to drop us an e-mail at info@firebirdoptics.com.
Here’s to your success!
Firebird Optics
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